Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition in which one vertebra in the spine slips out of its normal position onto the vertebra below it. This displacement can cause compression of the spinal nerves and lead to symptoms such as back pain, leg pain, and muscle weakness.

There are several types of spondylolisthesis, including:

Congenital spondylolisthesis: This is a rare condition that is present at birth and results from an abnormal formation of the spine.

Isthmic spondylolisthesis: This type of spondylolisthesis is caused by a defect in a part of the vertebra known as the pars interarticularis.

Degenerative spondylolisthesis: This is the most common type of spondylolisthesis and is usually caused by age-related wear and tear on the spine.

Traumatic spondylolisthesis: This occurs when a vertebra is displaced due to a traumatic injury, such as a car accident or a fall.

Treatment options for spondylolisthesis depend on the severity of the condition and the degree of displacement. Mild cases may be treated with physical therapy and pain management techniques, while more severe cases may require surgery to realign the vertebrae and decompress the spinal nerves.

Who is at risk for spondylolisthesis?

Athletics: Young athletes (children and teens) who participate in sports that stretch the lumbar spine, such as gymnastics and football, are more likely to develop spondylolisthesis. The vertebra slippage tends to occur during children’s growth spurts. Spondylolisthesis is one of the most common reasons for back pain in teens.

Genetics: Some people with isthmic spondylolisthesis are born with thinner section of the vertebra called the pars interarticularis. This thin piece of bone connects the facet joints, which link the vertebrae directly above and below to form a working unit that permits movement of the spine. These thinner areas of vertebrae are more likely to fracture and slip. Degenerative spondylolisthesis also has a large genetic component.

Age: As we age, degenerative spine conditions can develop, which is when wear and tear on the spine weakens the vertebrae. Older adults with degenerative spinal conditions may be at higher risk for spondylolisthesis. It becomes more common after age 50.

What is low-grade versus high-grade spondylolisthesis?

Low-grade (Grade I and Grade II) typically don’t require surgery. Low grade cases are usually seen in adolescents with isthmic spondylolisthesis and in almost all cases of degenerative spondylolisthesis.

High-grade (Grade III and Grade IV) may require surgery if you’re in a lot of pain.

What causes spondylolisthesis?

Overextending the spine is one of the main causes of spondylolisthesis in young athletes. Genetics may play a role, too. Some people are born with thinner vertebral bone. In older adults, wear and tear on the spine and disks (the cushions between vertebrae) can cause this condition.

What are the symptoms of spondylolisthesis?

You may not experience any symptoms of spondylolisthesis. Some people have the condition and don’t even know it. If you do have symptoms, lower back pain is typically the main one. The pain may extend to the buttocks and down the thighs. You may also experience:

• Muscle spasms in the hamstring (muscles in the back of the thighs).
• Back stiffness.
• Difficulty walking or standing for long periods.
• Pain when bending over.
• Numbness, weakness or tingling in the foot.